Pre-feeding before exercise seems to improve long-duration aerobic exercise, so durations longer than 60 minutes, but it doesn't seem to really have much of an effect on performance if it's aerobic exercise less than 60 minutes.

During the fasting period, organs will shrink, and then during the refeeding period, they regrow.

If you're training fasted, you get really robust enhancements in glucose sensitivity and really robust enhancements in your mitochondrial adaptations to using fatty acids.

There's evidence in the scientific literature that if you consume black coffee within that fasting window, there are still positive effects happening.

Muscle mass is really important for lowering all-cause mortality.

If you are doing a fasted strength training workout, you may want to consume protein within an hour after.

There have been many, many, many studies that have shown that higher IGF-1 is associated with higher cancer incidence.

Exercise and physical activity is a really good way to make sure that the IGF-1 you're getting is going to the right places.

We do know that caffeine itself changes the circadian clocks.